[Org] Repository for my personal website.
Standards & protocols reorg.
Changed files
- wiki/engineering/aerospace/protocols/ARINC-429.org
- wiki/engineering/aerospace/protocols/CAN-bus.org
- wiki/engineering/aerospace/standards/ARP4754.org
- wiki/engineering/aerospace/standards/DO-160.org
- wiki/engineering/protocols/ARINC-429.org
- wiki/engineering/protocols/CAN-bus.org
- wiki/engineering/protocols/SIP.org
- wiki/engineering/standards/ARP4754.org
- wiki/engineering/standards/DO-160.org
wiki/engineering/aerospace/protocols/ARINC-429.org
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# -*- mode: org; -*-
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#+TITLE: ARINC 429
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#+SUBTITLE: Mark33 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS)
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#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
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#+DATE: <2022-03-25 Fri>
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#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
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#+DESCRIPTION: The ARINC 429 avionics data bus.
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#+TOC: headlines 2
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#+begin_abstract
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The =ARINC 429= technical standard defines the physical and electrical
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interfaces of a two-wire data bus and a data protocol to support an
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aircraft's avionics local area network.
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#+end_abstract
wiki/engineering/aerospace/protocols/CAN-bus.org
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# -*- mode: org; -*-
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#+TITLE: CAN bus
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#+SUBTITLE: A robust vehicle bus to enable hostless microcontroller communication.
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#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
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#+DATE: <2022-03-25 Fri>
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#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
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#+DESCRIPTION: CAN bus: a robust vehicle bus to enable hostless microcontroller communication.
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#+TOC: headlines 2
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#+begin_abstract
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The CAN bus design solves several engineering challenges, namely how
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to minimize copper usage in vehicle microcontroller communication
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lines.
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#+end_abstract
wiki/engineering/aerospace/standards/ARP4754.org
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# -*- mode: org; -*-
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#+TITLE: ARP4754
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#+SUBTITLE: Guidelines For Development Of Civil Aircraft and Systems.
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#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
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#+DATE: <2022-02-11 Fri>
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#+EMAIL: mlnp@tuta.io
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#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
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#+KEYWORDS: aerospace, SAE, ARP 4754
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#+TOC: headlines 2
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#+begin_abstract
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ARP4754 is a guidance issued by SAE.
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#+end_abstract
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* Introduction
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https://www.sae.org/standards/content/arp4754a/
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* Main topics
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| § | Theme | Description |
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|---+---------------------+-------------|
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| 1 | Development | |
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| 2 | Safety | |
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| 3 | Requirements mgmt. | |
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| 4 | Validation | |
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| 5 | Verification | |
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| 6 | Configuration mgmt. | |
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| 7 | Process assurance | |
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| 8 | Certification | |
wiki/engineering/aerospace/standards/DO-160.org
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# -*- mode: org; -*-
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#+TITLE: DO-160
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#+SUBTITLE: Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment.
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#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
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#+DATE: <2022-02-11 Fri>
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#+EMAIL: mlnp@tuta.io
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#+DESCRIPTION: Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment.
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#+KEYWORDS: aerospace, rtca, DO-160
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#+begin_abstract
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The DO-160 document is a standard for environmental testing for
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airborne equipment published by the RTCA.
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#+end_abstract
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* Introduction
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https://do160.org/rtca-do-160g/
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* Equipment categories
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Equipments are categorized as a function of the environments to which
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they are subjected during normal operation.
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* Sections
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Sections 7 and 8 are aircraft dependent.
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** List
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:PROPERTIES:
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:HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS: big-table
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:END:
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#+NAME: sections
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#+CAPTION: List of DO-160 section.
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| § | Name | Concerns the effects of... | Parameters of interest |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 1 | /Introductory sections/ | /N/A/ | /N/A/ |
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| 2 | | | |
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| 3 | | | |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 4 | Temperature | Temperature on the system. | Temperature, condensation. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 4 | Altitude | Altitude & cabin depressurization on performance. | Dielectric strength, (rapidly) varying air pressure. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 5 | Temperature Variation | Extreme temperature changes. | Temperature delta, thermal expansion coefficients. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 6 | Humidity | High concentrations of humidity; ability to withstand moisture effects.[fn:1] | Hygrometry. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 7 | Shock & Crash safety | Mechanical shock. Ensures the item does not become a projectile in a crash. | Potential for projectile behavior. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 8 | Vibration | Vibrations. | Normal operation in all vibration scenarios. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 9 | Explosion proofness | Vacuum + gaseous mixture of combustibles. | The unit must be operable without igniting the environment. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 10 | Water proofness | Dripping water or pooled water. | Normal operation after exposure. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 11 | Fluids susceptibility | Various fluids including carbonated sugared beverages and cleaners/solvents. | Normal operation after exposure. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 12 | Sand & Dust | Blowing sand and dust of specific particle sizes. | Normal operation after exposure. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 13 | Fungus Resistance | Fungi under conditions favorable for their development.[fn:3] | Fungal proliferation. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 14 | Salt & Fog | Multiple exposures of salt fog and drying; environmentally accelerated corrosion. | Normal operation after exposure. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 15 | Magnetic effect | Magnetic effects on the aircraft's compass. | Normal aircraft compass function. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 16 | Power input | Input power emissions, susceptibility, transients, drop-outs, hold-up.[fn:2] | Voltage, current, phase. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 17 | Voltage spike | Voltage spikes caused by input power. | AC/DC voltage. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 18 | Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility | Frequency components during normal operation. | Power source harmonics. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 19 | Induced Signal Susceptibility | Induced voltages in the equipment interconnect circuit configuration. | power frequency harmonics; audio frequency signals, electrical transients. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 20 | RF emission and susceptibility | Normal operation on radio frequency emission energy and susceptibility. | |
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| 21 | | | |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 22 | Lightning susceptibility | Direct and indirect effects, depending on location. | induced transients in the airframe or wire bundle. |
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| 23 | | | |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 24 | Icing | Icing conditions arising from rapid changes in temperature, altitude and humidity. | Presence of ice. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 25 | ESD | ESD in handling and operation. | ESD. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 26 | Flammability | Normal operation on presenting a fire hazard. | Normal operation not causing a fire. |
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* Footnotes
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[fn:3] This includes high humidity, a warm atmosphere, and the
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presence of inorganic salts.
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[fn:2] Full flight mission must be considered, from prior to the
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engine start, to after landing---including emergencies.
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[fn:1] Moisture sensitive devices may experience issues with this test
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and require conformal coat or other types of protection.
wiki/engineering/protocols/ARINC-429.org
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# -*- mode: org; -*-
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#+TITLE: ARINC 429
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#+SUBTITLE: Mark33 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS)
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#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
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#+DATE: <2022-03-25 Fri>
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#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
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#+DESCRIPTION: The ARINC 429 avionics data bus.
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#+TOC: headlines 2
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#+begin_abstract
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The =ARINC 429= technical standard defines the physical and electrical
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interfaces of a two-wire data bus and a data protocol to support an
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aircraft's avionics local area network.
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#+end_abstract
wiki/engineering/protocols/CAN-bus.org
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# -*- mode: org; -*-
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#+TITLE: CAN bus
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#+SUBTITLE: A robust vehicle bus to enable hostless microcontroller communication.
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#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
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#+DATE: <2022-03-25 Fri>
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#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
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#+DESCRIPTION: CAN bus: a robust vehicle bus to enable hostless microcontroller communication.
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#+TOC: headlines 2
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#+begin_abstract
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The CAN bus design solves several engineering challenges, namely how
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to minimize copper usage in vehicle microcontroller communication
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lines.
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#+end_abstract
wiki/engineering/protocols/SIP.org
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# -*- mode: org; -*-
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#+TITLE: SIP
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#+SUBTITLE: The Session Initiation Protocol.
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#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
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#+DATE: <2022-07-12 Tue>
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#+OPTIONS: toc:2
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#+DESCRIPTION: The Session Initiation Protocol.
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#+begin_abstract
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SIP is a communication protocol used for VOIP.
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#+end_abstract
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* Introduction
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- ``Session Information Protocol''
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- Layer 7 (Application Layer) protocol
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- Based on HTTP (request/response architecture for service delivery)
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- VOIP, IM, video calling...
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- Invite other participants into existing session
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- RFC 3261
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What SIP does /not/ do: provide the media services.
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* Establishing and terminating multimedia sessions
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- User location :: What end system will be used to communicate?
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- User availability :: Is the called party willing to engage in
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communication?
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- User capabilities :: What media and media parameters will be used?
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- Session setup :: How are session parameters established between
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calling/called parties? (``Ringing'')
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- Session management :: How are sessions transferred and terminated?
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How are session parameters modified? How are services invoked?
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* User Agents
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# Section 2
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SIP endpoints are called User Agents. At the very least, two types of
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UAs needed to setup a call: User-Agent Client and User-Agent Servers.
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** UAC
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#+BEGIN_QUOTE
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A user agent client is a logical entity that creates a new request,
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and then uses the client transaction state machinery to send it. The
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role of UAC lasts only for the duration of the transaction. In other
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words, if a piece of software initiates a request, it acts as a UAC
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for the duration of the transaction. If it receives a request later,
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it assumes the role of a UAS for the processing of that transaction.
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From RFC 3261
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#+END_QUOTE
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** UAS
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#+BEGIN_QUOTE
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A user agent server is a logical entity that generates a response to a
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SIP request. The response accepts, rejects or redirects the request.
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This role lasts only for the duration of the transaction. In other
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words, if a piece of software responds to a request, it acts as a UAS
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for the duration of the transaction. If it generates a request later,
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it assumes the role of a UAC for the processing of that transaction.
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From RFC 3261
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#+END_QUOTE
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** B2BUA
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#+BEGIN_QUOTE
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A back-to-back user agent is a logical entity that receives a request
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and processes it as a UAS. In order to determine how the request
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should be answered, it acts as a UAC and generates requests. Unlike a
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proxy server, it maintains dialog state and must participate in all
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requests sent on the dialogs it has established. Since it is the
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concatenation of a UAC and a UAS, no explicit definitions are needed
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for its behavior.
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From RFC 3261
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#+END_QUOTE
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** Proxy Server
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#+BEGIN_QUOTE
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A proxy server is an intermediary entity that acts as both a server
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and a client for the purpose of making requests on behalf of other
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clients. A proxy server primarily serves the role of routing, which
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means its job is to ensure that a request is sent to another entity
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``closer'' to the targeted user. Proxies are also useful for enforcing
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policy (for example, making sure that a user is allowed to make a
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call). A proxy interprets and, if necessary, rewrites specific parts
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of a request message before forwarding it.
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From RFC 3261
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#+END_QUOTE
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A proxy does not need to be involved for requests after a dialog has
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been created.
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* SIP messages
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# Section 3
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A SIP message is either a request or a response. When a UAC sends a
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request to a UAS, the UAS replies with a response, to inform the UAC
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that the request was received.
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** Message structure
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: Start line (request line for request/status line for response)
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: Message headers
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: Empty line
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: Message body
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** SIP request methods
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- =REGISTER= :: Register contact information
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- =INVITE= :: Setting up a session
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- =ACK= :: Acknowledge
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- =CANCEL= :: Cancel session before other party answers
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- =BYE= :: Hang up (tear down) the session
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- =OPTIONS= :: Query UAS to determine capabilities, can be used as a
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``ping'' method
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RFC 3261 defines six types of REQUEST methods, other RFCs define
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additional methods.
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** SIP response codes
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- Status line for responses consists of a response code and a /reason
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phrase/.
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- The reason phrase has a default value, which can be overridden.
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- Generated by UAS to inform UAC on transaction state.
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- Responses usually have no body, but always have an empty line
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following the headers.
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- SIP response codes are consistent with HTTP, the reverse is not
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true.
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*** =1XX= provisional response
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- Provisional: UAS is performing some additional actions.
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- Sent when UAS expects >200 ms delay to obtain final response.
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- Not transmitted reliably.
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- Never requires UAC to send ACK.
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- May contain message bodies.
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- Stops retransmission of an =INVITE= by UAC.
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- =100 TRYING= :: Request has been received by the next-hop server,
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some unspecified action (e.g. database query) is being
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performed. =100 TRYING= is never forwarded upstream by a stateful
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proxy.
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- =180 RINGING= :: UAS has received the =INVITE= request, the UAC
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should initiate local ringback while further call processing takes
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place.
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- =181 CALL IS BEING FORWARDED= :: A UAS may use this status code to
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indicate that the call is being forwarded to a different set of
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destinations.
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- =182 QUEUED= :: Called party is temporarily unavailable, but UAS has
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decided to queue the call rather than reject it. When callee
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becomes available, it will return appropriate final status response.
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Reason phrase may give further details about call status, e.g. ``5
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calls queued, expected waiting time is 15 minutes''. UAS may issue
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many =182 QUEUED= responses to update caller about queued call
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status.
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- =183 SESSION IN PROGRESS= :: Convey information about call
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progress. Typically used for ``early media session'', implying that
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audio or video is being sent before call is answered.
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*** =200 OK=
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- Only one =2XX= response.
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- Implies request was successful.
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- When callee picks up the phone, the phone sends a =200 OK= response.
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*** =3XX= redirections
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- =300 MULTIPLE CHOICES= :: Address in the request resolves to more
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than one choice, each with a specific location. UA can select
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preferred communication endpoint and redirect communication to that
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location. Response body may contain a list of resource
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characteristics and locations.
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- =301 MOVED PERMANENTLY= :: User cannot be found at the address in
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the request URI, requesting client should retry at new address given
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by the =CONTACT= header. Requesting client should update any local
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directories, address books, and user location caches with this new
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value, and redirect future requests to this new address.
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- =302 MOVED TEMPORARILY= :: Requesting client should retry at the new
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address. Duration of validity of the new address can be specified in
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the =EXPIRES= header. If no explicit expiration time, address is
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only valid once, and must not be cached for future transactions.
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- =380 ALTERNATIVE SERVICE= :: Call was unsuccessful, but alternative
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services are available. These alternative services are described in
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the response body.
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*** =4XX= request failures
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- Definite failure responses
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- UAC should not retry submitting the same request.
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- However, same request with a different UAS might be successful.
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- =400 BAD REQUEST= :: UAS cannot understand the request due to
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malformed syntax. Reason phrase should identify the syntax error so
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UAC can fix it. Associated with /fuzzing/, i.e. purposefully sending
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malformed data to the UAS for a DoS attack or to compromise a
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security weakness.
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- =401 UNAUTHORIZED= and =407 PROXY REQUIRES AUTHENTICATION= :: UAS
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wants UAC to authenticate. Usually seen when UAC is attempting to
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=REGISTER=, can also be seen for other methods.
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- =403 FORBIDDEN= :: Many systems issue this response if UAC sends an
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=INVITE=, but is not registered.
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- =404 NOT FOUND= :: Request was received by UAS, but user does not
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exist at the specified domain. Can also be sent if domain does not
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match. Expected if you call the wrong number.
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- =405 METHOD NOT ALLOWED= :: Request method is understood, but not
248
Added:
allowed for the address specified in the URI. Response must include
249
Added:
an =ALLOW= header that contains a list of allowed methods for the
250
Added:
address.
251
Added:
252
Added:
- =406 NOT ACCEPTABLE= :: The UAS cannot generate a response with a
253
Added:
content type that satisfies the =ACCEPT= header in the request.
254
Added:
255
Added:
- =408 REQUEST TIMEOUT= :: The UAS cannot produce a response within a
256
Added:
suitable amount of time. UAC may repeat the request at any later
257
Added:
time.
258
Added:
259
Added:
- =410 GONE= :: The requested resource is no longer available, and no
260
Added:
forwarding address is known. This condition is expected to be
261
Added:
permanent. If UAS does not/cannot know whether the condition is
262
Added:
permanent, =404 NOT FOUND= should be used instead.
263
Added:
264
Added:
- =413 REQUEST ENTITY TOO LARGE= :: Request body is larger than the
265
Added:
UAS is willing or able to process. UAS may close the connection. If
266
Added:
condition is temporary, UAS should include a =RETRY-AFTER= header to
267
Added:
indicate the delay after which the UAC can try again.
268
Added:
269
Added:
- =414 REQUEST URI TOO LONG= :: Request URI is longer than the UAS is
270
Added:
willing to interpret.
271
Added:
272
Added:
- =415 UNSUPPORTED MEDIA TYPE= Request body :: format is unsupported
273
Added:
by UAS for the specified method. UAS must return a list of
274
Added:
acceptable formats using the =ACCEPT=, =ACCEPT-ENCODING=, or
275
Added:
=ACCEPT-LANGUAGE= headers depending on the specific problem.
276
Added:
277
Added:
- =416 UNSUPPORTED URI SCHEME= :: The request URI scheme is unknown to
278
Added:
the server.
279
Added:
280
Added:
- =420 BAD EXTENSION= :: The UAS did not understand a protocol
281
Added:
extension specified in the =PROXY-REQUIRE= or =REQUIRE= header
282
Added:
fields. UAS must return a list of unsupported extensions in an
283
Added:
=UNSUPPORTED= header.
284
Added:
285
Added:
- =421 EXTENSION REQUIRED= :: UAS needs a particular extension to
286
Added:
process the request which is not listed in the =SUPPORTED=
287
Added:
header. Response must contain a =REQUIRE= header listing the
288
Added:
required extensions. UAS should only return this response if no
289
Added:
service whatsoever can be provided to the UAC.
290
Added:
291
Added:
- =423 INTERVAL TOO BRIEF= :: Expiration time of the resource to be
292
Added:
refreshed is too short.
293
Added:
294
Added:
- =480 TEMPORARY UNAVAILABLE= :: UAS was contacted successfully, but
295
Added:
callee is unavailable, e.g. not logged in, ``do not disturb''
296
Added:
feature activated. Response may include better time to call in the
297
Added:
=RETRY-AFTER= header. User might be available elsewhere. Reason
298
Added:
phrase should include more precise reason why callee is unavailable,
299
Added:
and should be settable by the UA. =486 BUSY HERE= may be used for
300
Added:
more details on why the call failed.
301
Added:
302
Added:
- =481 TRANSACTION DOES NOT EXIST= :: UAS received a request that does
303
Added:
not match any existing transaction.
304
Added:
305
Added:
- =482 LOOP DETECTED= :: Observed frequently with packet loss,
306
Added:
i.e. the same request is sent again, without packet sequence number
307
Added:
being incremented.
308
Added:
309
Added:
- =483 TOO MANY HOPS= :: UAS has received a request in which
310
Added:
=MAX-FORWARDS= header is equal to zero.
311
Added:
312
Added:
- =484 ADDRESS INCOMPLETE= :: Request URI is incomplete. Additional
313
Added:
reason should be provided in reason phrase.
314
Added:
315
Added:
- =486 BUSY HERE= :: Callee's end system contacted successfully, but
316
Added:
callee is unavailable at this end system. Response may include a
317
Added:
better time to call in the =RETRY-AFTER= header. Callee might be
318
Added:
available elsewhere, e.g. via a voicemail system.
319
Added:
320
Added:
- =487 REQUEST TERMINATED= :: Request terminated by a =BYE= or
321
Added:
=CANCEL= request.
322
Added:
323
Added:
- =488 NOT ACCEPTABLE HERE= :: Request is not acceptable for the
324
Added:
specific resource identified in the request URI. Request may succeed
325
Added:
somewhere else. Description of media capabilities may be included
326
Added:
in response body.
327
Added:
328
Added:
- =491 REQUEST PENDING= :: UAS received the request but had a pending
329
Added:
request in the same dialog. This is a ``glare condition''.
330
Added:
331
Added:
332
Added:
*** =5XX= server failures
333
Added:
334
Added:
The UAS has experienced an error.
335
Added:
336
Added:
337
Added:
- =501 NOT IMPLEMENTED= :: UAS does not support the functionality
338
Added:
required to fulfill the request. If UAS recognizes the request
339
Added:
method, but it is not allowed or supported, use =405 METHOD NOT
340
Added:
ALLOWED= instead.
341
Added:
342
Added:
- =502 BAD GATEWAY= :: The UAS, whilst acting as a gateway or proxy,
343
Added:
received an invalid response from the downstream server it accessed
344
Added:
when attempting to fulfill the request.
345
Added:
346
Added:
- =503 SERVER NOT AVAILABLE= :: UAS is temporarily unable to fulfill
347
Added:
the request due to temporary overload or server maintenance. UAS may
348
Added:
include a =RETRY-AFTER= header; if it does not, UAC must act as if
349
Added:
it has received a =500 SERVER INTERNAL ERROR= response. UAC should
350
Added:
attempt to forward the request to an alternate server. UAS may
351
Added:
refuse the connection or drop the request instead of responding with
352
Added:
=503 SERVER NOT AVAILABLE=.
353
Added:
354
Added:
- =504 SERVER TIMEOUT= :: UAS did not receive a response from an
355
Added:
external server in time. =408 REQUEST TIMEOUT= should be used if
356
Added:
there was no response within the time period specified in the
357
Added:
=EXPIRES= header from the upstream server.
358
Added:
359
Added:
- =505 VERSION NOT SUPPORTED= :: The UAS does not or refuses to
360
Added:
support the SIP protocol version used in the request.
361
Added:
362
Added:
- =513 MESSAGE TOO LARGE= :: Message length exceeds UAS capabilities.
363
Added:
364
Added:
365
Added:
*** =6XX= global failures
366
Added:
367
Added:
These responses indicate that the UAS has information about a
368
Added:
particular user (not just the instance specified in request URI).
369
Added:
370
Added:
- =600 BUSY EVERYWHERE= :: Callee's end system was contacted
371
Added:
successfully, but callee does not wish to take the call at this
372
Added:
time. Response may indicate a better call back time in the
373
Added:
=RETRY-AFTER= header. This response is returned if client know that
374
Added:
callee is not available anywhere else (otherwise return =486 BUSY
375
Added:
HERE=).
376
Added:
377
Added:
- =603 DECLINE= :: Callee's end system was contacted successfully, but
378
Added:
callee explicitly does not wish to or cannot participate. Response
379
Added:
may indicate a better call back time in the =RETRY-AFTER=
380
Added:
header. This response is returned if client know that callee is not
381
Added:
available anywhere else (otherwise return =486 BUSY HERE=).
382
Added:
383
Added:
- =604 DOES NOT EXIST ANYWHERE= :: Server is certain that the resource
384
Added:
pointed to in request URI does not exist anywhere.
385
Added:
386
Added:
- =605 NOT ACCEPTABLE= :: The UAS was contacted successfully, but
387
Added:
cannot properly support the described session. Response may contain
388
Added:
a list of reasons in a =WARNING= header. This response is only
389
Added:
returned if UAS knows that no other endpoint will answer the
390
Added:
request.
391
Added:
392
Added:
393
Added:
** SIP URI structure
394
Added:
395
Added:
: sip:user:password@host:port:parameters
396
Added:
or
397
Added:
: sip:user@host:port;parameters
398
Added:
399
Added:
| =sip= | =bob= | =example.com= | =5060= | =;user=phone= |
400
Added:
| scheme | user | host | port | parameters |
401
Added:
402
Added:
- SIP addresses are based on the same URI structure used in e-mail
403
Added:
(RFC 2396).
404
Added:
- =sip= scheme is used for unsecured communication, =sips= is used
405
Added:
alongside TLS.
406
Added:
- While permitted, the RFC recommends against including the password
407
Added:
in the URI.
408
Added:
- No limit to parameter amount; however, they must each only appear
409
Added:
once.
410
Added:
- Common parameters: =transport=, =maddr=, =ttl=, =user=, =method=,
411
Added:
=lr=.
412
Added:
- =transport=: either TCP or UDP.
413
Added:
- =maddr= (mandatory address): defines server to be contacted for
414
Added:
this user. Overrides =host=.
415
Added:
- =ttl= (time to live): for a UDP multicast packet. Must only be
416
Added:
used if =maddr= is a multicast address.
417
Added:
- =lr= (loose route): indicates that the device responsible for the
418
Added:
resource implements the routing methods.
419
Added:
420
Added:
421
Added:
** SIP headers
422
Added:
423
Added:
- SIP headers are named attributes that provide additional information
424
Added:
about the message.
425
Added:
- Who is calling? What new requests are allowed in the call? Many
426
Added:
other details too.
427
Added:
428
Added:
429
Added:
*** Mandatory headers
430
Added:
431
Added:
- =REQUEST-URI= ::
432
Added:
- =TO= :: Logical recipient of the request. It can optionally include
433
Added:
a display name.
434
Added:
- =FROM= :: Logical identity of the request initiator. Used by SIP
435
Added:
elements to determine call processing rules. A tag is appended to
436
Added:
establish a dialog.
437
Added:
- =CSEQ= :: Sequence number + method.
438
Added:
- =CALL-ID= :: Unique identifier to group a series of messages. Must
439
Added:
be the same for all requests within dialog. Recommended that the UAC
440
Added:
generate a globally unique =CALL-ID=.
441
Added:
- =MAX-FORWARDS= :: Used to prevent loops. Default value should be 70.
442
Added:
- =VIA= :: Used for routing responses and identifying the transport
443
Added:
protocol used. Must contain a unique branch parameter. RFC
444
Added:
3261-compliant branch parameters must begin with =z9hG4bK= (magic
445
Added:
cookie).
446
Added:
447
Added:
448
Added:
- =CONTACT= :: Contains a URI used to contact UA for subsequent
449
Added:
requests.
450
Added:
- =ALERT-INFO= :: In an =INVITE= request, specify an alternative
451
Added:
ringtone to the UAS. In a =180 RINGING= response, specify an
452
Added:
alternative ringback tone to the UAC. Can also be used for ``auto
453
Added:
answering'' calls by certain endpoints.
454
Added:
- =ALLOW= :: Specify the type of methods supported by the UA
455
Added:
generating the message.
456
Added:
- =AUTHORIZATION= :: Contains UA auth credentials.
457
Added:
- =CALL-INFO= :: Contains additional information about request
458
Added:
originator or responder.
459
Added:
- =CONTENT-DISPOSITION= :: Describes how the body should be
460
Added:
interpreted by UAC/UAS.
461
Added:
- =CONTENT-LENGTH= :: Size of the message body, not including CRLF
462
Added:
separating header from body.
463
Added:
- =CONTENT-TYPE= :: Type of media sent in body.
464
Added:
- =MIN-EXPIRES= :: Minimum refresh interval of soft-state elements
465
Added:
managed by the UA.
466
Added:
- =RECORD-ROUTE= :: Inserted by a proxy in a request to force future
467
Added:
requests to route through the proxy.
468
Added:
- =REQUIRE= :: Used by a UAC to inform a UAS about options that are
469
Added:
expected to be supported by the UAS.
470
Added:
- =ROUTE= :: Force the routing of a request through the listed set of
471
Added:
proxies.
472
Added:
- =SUPPORTED= :: List all extensions supported by the UAC/UAS.
473
Added:
- =USER-AGENT= :: Information about the UA, e.g. manufacturer name,
474
Added:
SIP UA version.
475
Added:
- =WWW-AUTHENTICATE= :: Authentication challenge.
476
Added:
477
Added:
478
Added:
- Compact headers act the same as regular headers; they are just
479
Added:
presented differently (single letter instead of full words).
480
Added:
481
Added:
482
Added:
** Session Description Protocol
483
Added:
484
Added:
- RFC 4566.
485
Added:
- When used with SIP, provides a standard representation of how
486
Added:
information should be transported.
487
Added:
- Contains:
488
Added:
- Session name and purpose
489
Added:
- Time(s) the session is active
490
Added:
- Media type used by the session
491
Added:
- Information about how to receive media
492
Added:
- Normally presents enough information for UAs to join a session.
493
Added:
494
Added:
495
Added:
** SIP and user mobility
496
Added:
497
Added:
- A proxy receives an =INVITE= from a UAC, and proceeds with /Parallel
498
Added:
Call Forking/: it relays the =INVITE= to all devices the callee is
499
Added:
susceptible to pick up the call from. Contrast this with /Sequential
500
Added:
Call Forking/.
501
Added:
- Each proxy that forks a request adds its own branch ID.
502
Added:
503
Added:
504
Added:
* SIP authentication
505
Added:
# Section 4
506
Added:
507
Added:
- SIP provides the same stateless, challenge-based authentication as
508
Added:
used in HTTP.
509
Added:
- After authentication is performed, the challenger should determine
510
Added:
if user is authorized to make the request.
511
Added:
- When a UAS requires authentication, it will return a =401
512
Added:
UNAUTHORIZED= response.
513
Added:
- When a proxy requires authentication, it will return a =407 PROXY
514
Added:
REQUIRES AUTHENTICATION= response.
515
Added:
- Basic authentication is not used. SIP uses Digest Authentication.
516
Added:
- A =401= or =407= response is sent with a =WWW-AUTHENTICATE= header
517
Added:
containing the challenge information.
518
Added:
- The challenged UAC sends a response within the =AUTHENTICATION=
519
Added:
header, consisting of:
520
Added:
- Hash_1 = hash of =username:realm:password=
521
Added:
- Hash_2 = hash of =method:domain-in-401-response=
522
Added:
- Hash_3 = hash of =hash1:nonce:hash2=
523
Added:
- If Quality Of Protection is required, Hash_3 = hash of
524
Added:
=hash1:nonce:nc:cnonce:qop:h2=
525
Added:
526
Added:
527
Added:
* SIP routing and responses
528
Added:
# Section 5
529
Added:
530
Added:
- A SIP transaction consists in a single request, zero or more
531
Added:
provisional responses, and a final response (plus an =ACK= if
532
Added:
transaction is not =INVITE=).
533
Added:
- A dialog is a P2P relationship between two UAs that persists for
534
Added:
some amount of time, following a successful =INVITE= transaction.
535
Added:
- The dialog is responsible for facilitating the sequence of messages
536
Added:
and proper routing of requests between two UAs.
537
Added:
- A dialog is identified at each UA by a dialog ID, consisting in the
538
Added:
call ID header value, a local tag, and a remote tag.
539
Added:
- The dialog ID is not the same for the UAC and the UAS.
540
Added:
- If either UAC or UAS initiates an =INVITE= within a dialog, this is
541
Added:
called a =RE-INVITE=.
542
Added:
543
Added:
544
Added:
** SIP call routing
545
Added:
546
Added:
- Proxy may operate in stateless or stateful manner.
547
Added:
- A stateless proxy chooses the routing based on the request. After
548
Added:
forwarding, it forgets any information about the request.
549
Added:
- A stateful proxy remembers transaction state of each request and
550
Added:
uses this information when processing additional associated
551
Added:
messages.
552
Added:
553
Added:
554
Added:
** COMMENT SIP trapezoid model
555
Added:
556
Added:
This name results from the shape observed when plotting a typical SIP
557
Added:
message flow on a sequence diagram.
558
Added:
559
Added:
* COMMENT SIP registration
560
Added:
# Section 6
561
Added:
562
Added:
563
Added:
* Media and RTP
564
Added:
# Section 7
565
Added:
566
Added:
- RTP is defined in RFC 3550. It is used to send media or audio
567
Added:
between devices.
568
Added:
- Mainly two aspects:
569
Added:
- Real Time Protocol: used to carry data with real time properties.
570
Added:
- Real Time Control Protocol: used to monitor the quality of the
571
Added:
session and convey information.
572
Added:
- RTP payload types used in a call can be found in the SDP.
573
Added:
- Mixers combine media from multiple sources and place them in a new
574
Added:
RTP packet.
575
Added:
- Translators are able to modify the encoding, yet keep the same SSRC.
wiki/engineering/standards/ARP4754.org
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
Added:
# -*- mode: org; -*-
2
Added:
3
Added:
#+TITLE: ARP4754
4
Added:
#+SUBTITLE: Guidelines For Development Of Civil Aircraft and Systems.
5
Added:
#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
6
Added:
#+DATE: <2022-02-11 Fri>
7
Added:
#+EMAIL: mlnp@tuta.io
8
Added:
#+OPTIONS: toc:nil
9
Added:
10
Added:
#+KEYWORDS: aerospace, SAE, ARP 4754
11
Added:
12
Added:
#+TOC: headlines 2
13
Added:
14
Added:
15
Added:
#+begin_abstract
16
Added:
ARP4754 is a guidance issued by SAE.
17
Added:
#+end_abstract
18
Added:
19
Added:
20
Added:
* Introduction
21
Added:
22
Added:
https://www.sae.org/standards/content/arp4754a/
23
Added:
24
Added:
25
Added:
* Main topics
26
Added:
27
Added:
| § | Theme | Description |
28
Added:
|---+---------------------+-------------|
29
Added:
| 1 | Development | |
30
Added:
| 2 | Safety | |
31
Added:
| 3 | Requirements mgmt. | |
32
Added:
| 4 | Validation | |
33
Added:
| 5 | Verification | |
34
Added:
| 6 | Configuration mgmt. | |
35
Added:
| 7 | Process assurance | |
36
Added:
| 8 | Certification | |
wiki/engineering/standards/DO-160.org
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
1
Added:
# -*- mode: org; -*-
2
Added:
3
Added:
#+TITLE: DO-160
4
Added:
#+SUBTITLE: Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment.
5
Added:
#+AUTHOR: Marius Peter
6
Added:
#+DATE: <2022-02-11 Fri>
7
Added:
#+EMAIL: mlnp@tuta.io
8
Added:
9
Added:
#+DESCRIPTION: Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment.
10
Added:
#+KEYWORDS: aerospace, rtca, DO-160
11
Added:
12
Added:
13
Added:
#+begin_abstract
14
Added:
The DO-160 document is a standard for environmental testing for
15
Added:
airborne equipment published by the RTCA.
16
Added:
#+end_abstract
17
Added:
18
Added:
19
Added:
* Introduction
20
Added:
21
Added:
https://do160.org/rtca-do-160g/
22
Added:
23
Added:
24
Added:
* Equipment categories
25
Added:
26
Added:
Equipments are categorized as a function of the environments to which
27
Added:
they are subjected during normal operation.
28
Added:
29
Added:
30
Added:
* Sections
31
Added:
32
Added:
Sections 7 and 8 are aircraft dependent.
33
Added:
34
Added:
35
Added:
** List
36
Added:
:PROPERTIES:
37
Added:
:HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS: big-table
38
Added:
:END:
39
Added:
40
Added:
#+NAME: sections
41
Added:
#+CAPTION: List of DO-160 section.
42
Added:
| § | Name | Concerns the effects of... | Parameters of interest |
43
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
44
Added:
| 1 | /Introductory sections/ | /N/A/ | /N/A/ |
45
Added:
| 2 | | | |
46
Added:
| 3 | | | |
47
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
48
Added:
| 4 | Temperature | Temperature on the system. | Temperature, condensation. |
49
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
50
Added:
| 4 | Altitude | Altitude & cabin depressurization on performance. | Dielectric strength, (rapidly) varying air pressure. |
51
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
52
Added:
| 5 | Temperature Variation | Extreme temperature changes. | Temperature delta, thermal expansion coefficients. |
53
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
54
Added:
| 6 | Humidity | High concentrations of humidity; ability to withstand moisture effects.[fn:1] | Hygrometry. |
55
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
56
Added:
| 7 | Shock & Crash safety | Mechanical shock. Ensures the item does not become a projectile in a crash. | Potential for projectile behavior. |
57
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
58
Added:
| 8 | Vibration | Vibrations. | Normal operation in all vibration scenarios. |
59
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
60
Added:
| 9 | Explosion proofness | Vacuum + gaseous mixture of combustibles. | The unit must be operable without igniting the environment. |
61
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
62
Added:
| 10 | Water proofness | Dripping water or pooled water. | Normal operation after exposure. |
63
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
64
Added:
| 11 | Fluids susceptibility | Various fluids including carbonated sugared beverages and cleaners/solvents. | Normal operation after exposure. |
65
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
66
Added:
| 12 | Sand & Dust | Blowing sand and dust of specific particle sizes. | Normal operation after exposure. |
67
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
68
Added:
| 13 | Fungus Resistance | Fungi under conditions favorable for their development.[fn:3] | Fungal proliferation. |
69
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
70
Added:
| 14 | Salt & Fog | Multiple exposures of salt fog and drying; environmentally accelerated corrosion. | Normal operation after exposure. |
71
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
72
Added:
| 15 | Magnetic effect | Magnetic effects on the aircraft's compass. | Normal aircraft compass function. |
73
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
74
Added:
| 16 | Power input | Input power emissions, susceptibility, transients, drop-outs, hold-up.[fn:2] | Voltage, current, phase. |
75
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
76
Added:
| 17 | Voltage spike | Voltage spikes caused by input power. | AC/DC voltage. |
77
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
78
Added:
| 18 | Audio Frequency Conducted Susceptibility | Frequency components during normal operation. | Power source harmonics. |
79
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
80
Added:
| 19 | Induced Signal Susceptibility | Induced voltages in the equipment interconnect circuit configuration. | power frequency harmonics; audio frequency signals, electrical transients. |
81
Added:
|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
82
Added:
| 20 | RF emission and susceptibility | Normal operation on radio frequency emission energy and susceptibility. | |
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| 21 | | | |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 22 | Lightning susceptibility | Direct and indirect effects, depending on location. | induced transients in the airframe or wire bundle. |
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| 23 | | | |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 24 | Icing | Icing conditions arising from rapid changes in temperature, altitude and humidity. | Presence of ice. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 25 | ESD | ESD in handling and operation. | ESD. |
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|----+------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
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| 26 | Flammability | Normal operation on presenting a fire hazard. | Normal operation not causing a fire. |
93
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94
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95
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* Footnotes
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97
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[fn:3] This includes high humidity, a warm atmosphere, and the
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presence of inorganic salts.
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100
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[fn:2] Full flight mission must be considered, from prior to the
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engine start, to after landing---including emergencies.
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103
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[fn:1] Moisture sensitive devices may experience issues with this test
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and require conformal coat or other types of protection.